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2. Monte Carlo method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method

   The approximation of a normal distribution with a Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle.

3. Halting problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem

   The halting problem is a decision problem about properties of computer programs on a fixed Turing-complete model of computation, i.e., all programs that can be written in some given programming language that is general enough to be equivalent to a Turing machine. The problem is to determine, given a program and an input to the program, whether ...

4. Dining philosophers problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_philosophers_problem

   In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them. It was originally formulated in 1965 by Edsger Dijkstra as a student exam exercise, presented in terms of computers competing for access to tape drive ...

5. Clique problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_problem

   Clique problem. The brute force algorithm finds a 4-clique in this 7-vertex graph (the complement of the 7-vertex path graph) by systematically checking all C (7,4) = 35 4-vertex subgraphs for completeness. In computer science, the clique problem is the computational problem of finding cliques (subsets of vertices, all adjacent to each other ...

6. Cigarette smokers problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_smokers_problem

   Cigarette smokers problem. The cigarette smokers problem is a concurrency problem in computer science, originally described in 1971 by Suhas Patil. The problem has been criticized for having "restrictions which cannot be justified by practical considerations." [1]

7. Herbert A. Simon - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon

   Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems.