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The V2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, lit. 'Retaliation Weapon 2'), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed during the Second World War in Nazi Germany as a "vengeance weapon" and assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings of German cities.
Both the input and output are interpreted as polynomials over GF(2). First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in GF(2 8) = GF(2) [x]/(x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1), Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg.
Advanced Encryption Standard process. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the symmetric block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the Data Encryption ...
NSA cryptography. The vast majority of the National Security Agency 's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites.
CAST-256. In cryptography, CAST-256 (or CAST6) is a symmetric-key block cipher published in June 1998. It was submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); however, it was not among the five AES finalists. It is an extension of an earlier cipher, CAST-128; both were designed according to the "CAST" design methodology ...
A 2020 report suggests AAAs occur in about 0.5%–7.2% of males and 1.0–1.3% of females. TAAs occur in about 6–10 out of every 100,000 people . A 4-cm aortic aneurysm is a little larger than ...
ARIA (cipher) In cryptography, ARIA is a block cipher [1] designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers. [2] In 2004, the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards selected it as a standard cryptographic technique. The algorithm uses a substitution–permutation network structure based on AES.
AES-256 A byte-oriented portable AES-256 implementation in C. Solaris Cryptographic Framework offers multiple implementations, with kernel providers for hardware acceleration on x86 (using the Intel AES instruction set) and on SPARC (using the SPARC AES instruction set). It is available in Solaris and derivatives, as of Solaris 10.