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Chebyshev's inequality. In probability theory, Chebyshev's inequality (also called the Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality) provides an upper bound on the probability of deviation of a random variable (with finite variance) from its mean. More specifically, the probability that a random variable deviates from its mean by more than is at most ...
In mathematics, an inequality is a relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. [1] It is used most often to compare two numbers on the number line by their size. The main types of inequality are less than and greater than .
(more unsolved problems in mathematics) Directed graph showing the orbits of small numbers under the Collatz map, skipping even numbers. The Collatz conjecture states that all paths eventually lead to 1. The Collatz conjecture [a] is one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics. The conjecture asks whether repeating two simple arithmetic operations will eventually transform every ...
The mean value theorem is a generalization of Rolle's theorem, which assumes , so that the right-hand side above is zero. The mean value theorem is still valid in a slightly more general setting. One only needs to assume that is continuous on , and that for every in the limit. exists as a finite number or equals or .
In mathematical optimization, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker ( KKT) conditions, also known as the Kuhn–Tucker conditions, are first derivative tests (sometimes called first-order necessary conditions) for a solution in nonlinear programming to be optimal, provided that some regularity conditions are satisfied. Allowing inequality constraints, the ...
Slack variable. In an optimization problem, a slack variable is a variable that is added to an inequality constraint to transform it into an equality constraint. A non-negativity constraint on the slack variable is also added. [1] : 131.
Word problem (mathematics) In computational mathematics, a word problem is the problem of deciding whether two given expressions are equivalent with respect to a set of rewriting identities. A prototypical example is the word problem for groups, but there are many other instances as well.
Young's inequality for products can be used to prove Hölder's inequality. It is also widely used to estimate the norm of nonlinear terms in PDE theory, since it allows one to estimate a product of two terms by a sum of the same terms raised to a power and scaled.