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A pyramid scheme is a business model which earns primarily by enrolling others into the scheme, however rather than earning income (or providing returns-on-investments) by sale of legitimate products to an end consumer, it mainly earns by recruiting new members with the promise of payments (or services).
Multi-level marketing (MLM), also called network marketing or pyramid selling, is a controversial marketing strategy for the sale of products or services in which the revenue of the MLM company is derived from a non-salaried workforce selling the company's products or services, while the earnings of the participants are derived from a pyramid-shaped or binary compensation commission system.
Franchise fraud in U.S. federal law. The FBI website states: "pyramid schemes — also referred to as franchise fraud or chain referral schemes — are marketing and investment frauds in which an individual is offered a distributorship or franchise to market a particular product. The real profit is earned, not by the sale of the product, but by ...
Many pyramid schemes and MLM schemes emphasize the importance of recruiting new participants. Programs that emphasize recruiting participants, and paying a fee, to join the program are likely ...
European Home Retail (dissolved in 2007) Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing (dissolved in 2013) FundAmerica (bankrupt in 1990) [25] Holiday Magic (dissolved in 1974) House of Lloyd (a.k.a. "Christmas Around the World") (filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002) Kleeneze (went into administration in 2018)
This organization, established in 1972, once had a million members. It was a cause of the enactment of Japan's law prohibiting pyramid schemes. In 1986, the Dai-ichi Sōgo Keizai Kenkyūsho declared bankruptcy, leaving debts amounting to 189,600,000,000 yen. It has been called "the biggest pyramid scheme in history." 1990s
Equinox. Equinox International was a multi-level marketing company founded in 1991 and headed by Bill Gouldd. [1] In 1996, Equinox was listed #1 on Inc Magazine 's list of the 500 fastest-growing private companies in the United States. The company and its founder came under scrutiny for its business practices; starting in 1997, investors, the ...
A Ponzi scheme ( / ˈpɒnzi /, Italian: [ˈpontsi]) is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. [1] Named after Italian businessman Charles Ponzi, this type of scheme misleads investors by either falsely suggesting that profits are derived from legitimate business ...