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In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand ( COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre ( mg / L ). A COD test can be used to easily quantify the ...
As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called initialization.
Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather ...
Within many nations' meteorological organizations, this data is then plotted onto a weather map using the station model. A station model is a symbolic illustration showing the weather occurring at a given reporting station. Meteorologists created the station model to plot a number of weather elements in a small space on weather maps.
Climate Forecast System (NCEP) The Climate Forecast System or coupled forecast system ( CFS) is a medium to long range numerical weather prediction and a climate model run by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to bridge weather and climate timescales. [1] Version 2 became operational as CFSv2 in 2011.
In 2023, Dan Collins, meteorologist at the Climate Prediction Center, told the Cape Cod Times that powerful computer models and significant staff hours formulate the outlooks, which are used by ...
Sigma coordinate system. A cross-section of the atmosphere over terrain with a sigma-coordinate representation shown. Mesoscale models divide the atmosphere vertically using representations similar to the one shown here. The sigma coordinate system is a common coordinate system used in computational models for oceanography, meteorology and ...
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe. It is based at three sites: Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom; Bologna, Italy; and Bonn, Germany. It operates one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe and the world's ...