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Free-rider problem. In economics, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources do not pay for them [1] or under-pay. Examples of such goods are public roads or public libraries or services or other goods of a communal nature.
The Final Solution ( German: die Endlösung, pronounced [diː ˈʔɛntˌløːzʊŋ] ⓘ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question ( German: Endlösung der Judenfrage, pronounced [ˈɛntˌløːzʊŋ deːɐ̯ ˈjuːdn̩ˌfʁaːɡə] ⓘ) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II. The "Final ...
A heuristic (/ h j ʊ ˈ r ɪ s t ɪ k /; from Ancient Greek εὑρίσκω (heurískō) 'method of discovery', or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution.
The solution depends on how the problem is framed and vice versa (i.e., the problem definition depends on the solution) Stakeholders have radically different world views and different frames for understanding the problem. The constraints that the problem is subject to and the resources needed to solve it change over time.
Complexity class. In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of computational problems "of related resource-based complexity ". [1] The two most commonly analyzed resources are time and memory. In general, a complexity class is defined in terms of a type of computational problem, a model of computation, and a bounded ...
Multi-objective optimization or Pareto optimization (also known as multi-objective programming, vector optimization, multicriteria optimization, or multiattribute optimization) is an area of multiple-criteria decision making that is concerned with mathematical optimization problems involving more than one objective function to be optimized ...
Problem-oriented policing. Problem-oriented policing (POP), coined by University of Wisconsin–Madison professor Herman Goldstein, is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies. POP requires police to identify and target underlying ...
Social problem-solving, in its most basic form, is defined as problem solving as it occurs in the natural environment. [1] More specifically it refers to the cognitive-behavioral process in which one works to find adaptive ways of coping with everyday situations that are considered problematic. This process in self-directed, conscious ...