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Ordered geometry. Ordered geometry is a form of geometry featuring the concept of intermediacy (or "betweenness") but, like projective geometry, omitting the basic notion of measurement. Ordered geometry is a fundamental geometry forming a common framework for affine, Euclidean, absolute, and hyperbolic geometry (but not for projective geometry).
Betweenness, a ternary relation linking points; Lies on (Containment), three binary relations, one linking points and straight lines, one linking points and planes, and one linking straight lines and planes; Congruence, two binary relations, one linking line segments and one linking angles, each denoted by an infix ≅.
Betweenness centrality. An undirected graph colored based on the betweenness centrality of each vertex from least (red) to greatest (blue). In graph theory, betweenness centrality is a measure of centrality in a graph based on shortest paths. For every pair of vertices in a connected graph, there exists at least one shortest path between the ...
Because points are the only primitive objects, and because Tarski's system is a first-order theory, it is not even possible to define lines as sets of points. The only primitive relations are "betweenness" and "congruence" among points. Tarski's axiomatization is shorter than its rivals, in a sense Tarski and Givant (1999) make explicit.
The definition of a ray depends upon the notion of betweenness for points on a line. It follows that rays exist only for geometries for which this notion exists, typically Euclidean geometry or affine geometry over an ordered field .
Betweenness is a centrality measure of a vertex within a graph (there is also edge betweenness, which is not discussed here). Betweenness centrality quantifies the number of times a node acts as a bridge along the shortest path between two other nodes.
Betweenness. Betweenness is an algorithmic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between others. [1] It has applications in bioinformatics [2] and was shown to be NP-complete by Opatrný (1979). [3]
Hilbert's use of Pasch's theorem. David Hilbert originally included Pasch's theorem as an axiom in his modern treatment of Euclidean geometry in The Foundations of Geometry (1899). However, it was found by E.H. Moore in 1902 that the axiom is redundant, [3] and revised editions now list it as a theorem. Thus Pasch's theorem is also known as ...