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  2. Massive resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_resistance

    Massive resistance was a strategy declared by U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd Sr. of Virginia and his son Harry Jr.'s brother-in-law, James M. Thomson, who represented Alexandria in the Virginia General Assembly, to get the state's white politicians to pass laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after Brown v.

  3. Virginia Civil Rights Memorial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Civil_Rights_Memorial

    Virginia Civil Rights Memorial. /  37.538806°N 77.43361°W  / 37.538806; -77.43361. The Virginia Civil Rights Memorial is a monument in Richmond, Virginia, commemorating protests which helped bring about school desegregation in the state. [1] The memorial was opened in July 2008, and is located on the grounds of the Virginia State Capitol.

  4. John B. Cary School - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Cary_School

    John B. Cary School is a historic school building located in Richmond, Virginia. The structure was built by the Wise Granite Company from 1912 to 1913 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The building is considered to be an outstanding example of Gothic Revival architecture. It is a -story, granite faced that has ...

  5. As of 2020, more than 700 school districts and charter schools were under a legal desegregation order or voluntary agreement to desegregate, according to the Century Foundation, an independent ...

  6. James J. Kilpatrick - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Kilpatrick

    James Jackson Kilpatrick (November 1, 1920 – August 15, 2010) was an American newspaper journalist, columnist, author, writer and grammarian. During the 1950s and early 1960s he was editor of The Richmond News Leader in Richmond, Virginia and encouraged the Massive Resistance strategy to oppose the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in the Brown v.

  7. Desegregation busing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing

    Desegregation busing (also known simply as busing or integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was a failed attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by sending students to school districts other than their own. [1] While the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v.

  8. Stanley Plan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_plan

    Stanley Plan. The Stanley Plan was a package of 13 statutes adopted in September 1956 by the U.S. state of Virginia. The statutes were designed to ensure racial segregation would continue in that state's public schools despite the unanimous ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that school segregation was ...

  9. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte...

    The school board's plan required busing and would achieve a black population of 2-36% in all ten of the high schools. Due to the greater number of elementary schools, elaborate gerrymandering was required and would achieve greater integration, but would leave more than half of black elementary students at majority-black schools.