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For AES-128, the key can be recovered with a computational complexity of 2 126.1 using the biclique attack. For biclique attacks on AES-192 and AES-256, the computational complexities of 2 189.7 and 2 254.4 respectively apply. Related-key attacks can break AES-256 and AES-192 with complexities 2 99.5 and 2 176 in both time and data, respectively.
AES instruction set. An AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) instruction set is a set of instructions that are specifically designed to perform AES encryption and decryption operations efficiently. These instructions are typically found in modern processors and can greatly accelerate AES operations compared to software implementations.
Advanced Encryption Standard process. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the symmetric block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the Data Encryption ...
A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. [3] [4] [5] Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random.
Galois/Counter Mode. In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode ( GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ), Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 ( WPA2 ), and Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 ( WPA3) are the three security certification programs developed after 2000 by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. The Alliance defined these in response to serious weaknesses researchers had found in the previous system, Wired ...
Initialization vector. In cryptography, an initialization vector ( IV) or starting variable [1] is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption ...
Post-quantum cryptography. Post-quantum cryptography ( PQC ), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are thought to be secure against a cryptanalytic attack by a quantum computer. The problem with popular algorithms currently ...