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A civil servant is a public employee who works for a government department or agency, usually hired rather than elected. Learn about the origin and evolution of the civil service in different countries and regions, such as China, Britain and international organizations.
Learn about the different levels and types of government employees in the U.S., their numbers, salaries, and gender representation. Find out how civil service reforms and policy areas affect the leadership roles of women in federal agencies.
Learn about the civilian workforce of the U.S. federal government, its types, hiring authorities, pay systems, and history. A civil servant is a non-elected and non-military public sector employee of the federal government.
Learn about the history, types, and funding of public sector pensions in the U.S. at the federal, state, and local levels. Compare the retirement benefits and risks of different plans and systems across the country.
The first U.S. state to permit collective bargaining by public employees was Wisconsin, in 1959. [15] Collective bargaining is now permitted in three fourths of U.S. states. [ 16 ] By the 1960s and 1970s public-sector unions expanded rapidly to cover teachers, clerks, firemen, police, prison guards and others.
Executive Order 10988 is a United States presidential executive order issued by President John F. Kennedy on January 17, 1962 that granted federal employees the right to collective bargaining. This executive order was a breakthrough for public sector workers, who were not protected under the 1935 Wagner Act .
AFSCME is the largest trade union of public employees in the United States, with 1.3 million members and retirees. It was founded in 1932 and is part of the AFL–CIO, advocating for issues such as health care, pensions, minimum wage and unemployment benefits.
Human resource management in public administration concerns human resource management as it applies specifically to the field of public administration. It is considered to be an in-house structure that ensures unbiased treatment, ethical standards, and promotes a value-based system.