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The Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ), also known by its original name Rijndael ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl] ), [5] is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. [6]
The AES Corporation. The AES Corporation is an American utility and power generation company. It owns and operates power plants, which it uses to generate and sell electricity to end users and intermediaries like utilities and industrial facilities. AES is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, and is one of the world's leading power companies ...
First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in GF(2 8) = GF(2) [x]/(x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1), Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg. The multiplicative inverse is then transformed using the following affine transformation:
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NSA cryptography. The vast majority of the National Security Agency 's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites.
The key schedule. AES key schedule for a 128-bit key. Define: N as the length of the key in 32-bit words: 4 words for AES-128, 6 words for AES-192, and 8 words for AES-256. K0, K1, ... KN-1 as the 32-bit words of the original key. R as the number of round keys needed: 11 round keys for AES-128, 13 keys for AES-192, and 15 keys for AES-256 [note 4]
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Format-preserving encryption. In cryptography, format-preserving encryption ( FPE ), refers to encrypting in such a way that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext ). The meaning of "format" varies. Typically only finite sets of characters are used; numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric.