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For AES-128, the key can be recovered with a computational complexity of 2 126.1 using the biclique attack. For biclique attacks on AES-192 and AES-256, the computational complexities of 2 189.7 and 2 254.4 respectively apply. Related-key attacks can break AES-256 and AES-192 with complexities 2 99.5 and 2 176 in both time and data, respectively.
Advanced Encryption Standard process. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the symmetric block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the Data Encryption ...
Rijndael MixColumns. The MixColumns operation performed by the Rijndael cipher or Advanced Encryption Standard is, along with the ShiftRows step, its primary source of diffusion . Each column of bytes is treated as a four-term polynomial , each byte representing an element in the Galois field . The coefficients are elements within the prime sub ...
Advanced electronic signature, an EU-compliant electronic signature system (alternatively AdES) Advanced Encryption Standard, or Rijndael, a specification for the encryption of electronic data. Agricultural experiment station, a scientific research center. Algebraic entry system, a calculator input method. Alkaline earth silicate, a mineral wool.
AES-NI (or the Intel Advanced Encryption Standard New Instructions; AES-NI) was the first major implementation. AES-NI is an extension to the x86 instruction set architecture for microprocessors from Intel and AMD proposed by Intel in March 2008. A wider version of AES-NI, AVX-512 Vector AES instructions (VAES), is found in AVX-512.
Both the input and output are interpreted as polynomials over GF(2). First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in GF(2 8) = GF(2) [x]/(x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1), Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg.
The key schedule. AES key schedule for a 128-bit key. Define: N as the length of the key in 32-bit words: 4 words for AES-128, 6 words for AES-192, and 8 words for AES-256. K0, K1, ... KN-1 as the 32-bit words of the original key. R as the number of round keys needed: 11 round keys for AES-128, 13 keys for AES-192, and 15 keys for AES-256 [note 4]
Disk encryption theory. Disk encryption is a special case of data at rest protection when the storage medium is a sector-addressable device (e.g., a hard disk). This article presents cryptographic aspects of the problem. For an overview, see disk encryption. For discussion of different software packages and hardware devices devoted to this ...