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Gabelsberger shorthand, named for its creator, is a form of shorthand previously common in Germany and Austria. Created c. 1817 by Franz Xaver Gabelsberger, it was first fully described in the 1834 textbook Anleitung zur deutschen Redezeichenkunst oder Stenographie and became rapidly used. Gabelsberger shorthand has a full alphabet with signs ...
Sütterlin is based on older German handwriting, which is a handwriting form of the Blackletter scripts such as Fraktur or Schwabacher, the German print scripts which were used during the same time. It includes the long s (ſ), as well as several standard ligatures such as ff (f-f), ſt (ſ-t), st (s-t), and ß (ſ-z or ſ-s).
For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift ( DEK, German Unified Shorthand) is a German stenography system. DEK is the official shorthand system in Germany and Austria today. It is used for word-for-word recordings of debates in the Federal Parliament of Germany.
Kurrent ( German: [kʊˈʁɛnt]) is an old form of German-language handwriting based on late medieval cursive writing, also known as Kurrentschrift ("cursive script"), deutsche Schrift ("German script"), and German cursive. Over the history of its use into the first part of the 20th century, many individual letters acquired variant forms.
For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. German orthography is the orthography used in writing the German language, which is largely phonemic. However, it shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogous to other spellings rather than phonemic.
Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (German: Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas.
The modern German alphabet consists of the twenty-six letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet : German uses letter-diacritic combinations ( Ä/ä, Ö/ö, Ü/ü) using the umlaut and one ligature ( ẞ/ß (called eszett (sz) or scharfes S, sharp s)), but they do not constitute distinct letters in the alphabet.
True writing, where the content of linguistic utterances can be accurately reconstructed by later readers, is a later development. Proto-writing typically avoids encoding grammatical words and affixes, making it difficult or impossible to reconstruct the meaning intended by the writer without significant context being known in advance.