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2. Hill climbing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_climbing

   Hill climbing attempts to maximize (or minimize) a target function (), where is a vector of continuous and/or discrete values. At each iteration, hill climbing will adjust a single element in and determine whether the change improves the value of ().

3. Newton's method in optimization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method_in...

   The geometric interpretation of Newton's method is that at each iteration, it amounts to the fitting of a parabola to the graph of () at the trial value , having the same slope and curvature as the graph at that point, and then proceeding to the maximum or minimum of that parabola (in higher dimensions, this may also be a saddle point), see below.

4. Heuristic (computer science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)

   The objective of a heuristic is to produce a solution in a reasonable time frame that is good enough for solving the problem at hand. This solution may not be the best of all the solutions to this problem, or it may simply approximate the exact solution. But it is still valuable because finding it does not require a prohibitively long time.

5. Josephus problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_problem

   In computer science and mathematics, the Josephus problem (or Josephus permutation) is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting-out game. Such games are used to pick out a person from a group, e.g. eeny, meeny, miny, moe. A drawing for the Josephus problem sequence for 500 people and skipping value of 6.

6. P versus NP problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem

   The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science.Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved.

7. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

   less than 10 6 is 837 799, which has 524 steps, less than 10 7 is 8 400 511, which has 685 steps, less than 10 8 is 63 728 127, which has 949 steps, less than 10 9 is 670 617 279, which has 986 steps, less than 10 10 is 9 780 657 630, which has 1132 steps, [10] less than 10 11 is 75 128 138 247, which has 1228 steps, less than 10 12 is 989 345 ...