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The definition of life has long been a challenge for scientists and philosophers. [2] [3] [4] This is partially because life is a process, not a substance. [5] [6] [7] This is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the characteristics of living entities, if any, that may have developed outside Earth.
Life arose from the Earth's first ocean, which formed some 3.8 billion years ago. [32] Since then, water continues to be the most abundant molecule in every organism. Water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution.
What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger.The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, where he was Director of Theoretical Physics, at Trinity College, Dublin.
Physiology is part of the broader science of biology. Biology is the study of all parts of life, including: Its origin: How life began is one of the biggest and least understood biological ...
Biology is the overall natural science that studies life, with the other life sciences as its sub-disciplines. Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism. For example, zoology is the study of animals, while botany is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as anatomy and ...
Carol Edith Cleland (born 1948) [1] is an American philosopher of science known for her work on the definition of life [2] and the shadow biosphere, [3] on the classification of minerals by their geological history, [4] on the distinction between historical and experimental approaches to science, [5] and on the Church–Turing thesis on theoretical limits to physical computation. [6]
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (abbreviated as Ga, for gigaannum) and evidence suggests that life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. [1] [2] [3] The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the ...
A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. [ 1 ] They usually specialize in a particular branch (e.g., molecular biology, zoology, and evolutionary biology) of ...