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The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl]), [ 5 ] is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. [ 6 ]
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption —a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with "code", as ...
One of the most famous military encryption developments was the Caesar cipher, which was a system in which a letter in normal text is shifted down a fixed number of positions down the alphabet to get the encoded letter. A message encoded with this type of encryption could be decoded with the fixed number on the Caesar cipher.
The key schedule. AES key schedule for a 128-bit key. Define: N as the length of the key in 32-bit words: 4 words for AES-128, 6 words for AES-192, and 8 words for AES-256. K0, K1, ... KN-1 as the 32-bit words of the original key. R as the number of round keys needed: 11 round keys for AES-128, 13 keys for AES-192, and 15 keys for AES-256 [note 4]
Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input (plaintext), and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. [2] Although ciphers can be confusion-only (substitution cipher, one ...
Authenticated Encryption (AE) is an encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key [1]) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: [2] the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the ...
The Alliance of Sahel States (AES/ASS [4] [5] [6] [a]) is a confederation [9] formed between Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso.It originated as a mutual defense pact created on 16 September 2023 following the 2023 Nigerien crisis, in which the West African political bloc ECOWAS threatened to intervene militarily to restore civilian rule after a coup in Niger earlier that year.
Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. This process prevents the loss of sensitive information via hacking. Decryption, the inverse of encryption, is the process of turning ciphertext into ...