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In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables ' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have uncertainties due to measurement limitations (e.g., instrument precision) which propagate due to the combination of ...
Euler's totient function is a multiplicative function, meaning that if two numbers m and n are relatively prime, then φ(mn) = φ(m)φ(n). [4] [5] This function gives the order of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n (the group of units of the ring ). [6] It is also used for defining the RSA encryption system .
The functions are simple data validation and data type checking functions. The data validation functions determine whether it is possible to convert or coerce the data value given as an argument to the function to the type implied by the function name, and return a Boolean value recording whether it was possible or not.
Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel. As with other spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel works only to limited accuracy because it retains only a certain number of figures to describe numbers (it has limited precision ). With some exceptions regarding erroneous values, infinities, and denormalized numbers, Excel calculates in double-precision floating ...
The function T ( h , a) gives the probability of the event ( X > h and 0 < Y < aX) where X and Y are independent standard normal random variables . This function can be used to calculate bivariate normal distribution probabilities [2] [3] and, from there, in the calculation of multivariate normal distribution probabilities. [4]
VisualBoyAdvance-M, or simply VBA-M, is an improved fork from the inactive VisualBoyAdvance project, [7] adding several features as well as maintaining an up-to-date codebase.
The Huber loss is the convolution of the absolute value function with the rectangular function, scaled and translated. Thus it "smoothens out" the former's corner at the origin. Comparison of Huber loss with other loss functions used for robust regression.
This definition depends on the unknown parameter, but the MSE is a priori a property of an estimator. The MSE could be a function of unknown parameters, in which case any estimator of the MSE based on estimates of these parameters would be a function of the data (and thus a random variable).