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Time-keeping on this clock uses arithmetic modulo 12. Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed ...
In mathematics, the result of the modulo operation is an equivalence class, and any member of the class may be chosen as representative; however, the usual representative is the least positive residue, the smallest non-negative integer that belongs to that class (i.e., the remainder of the Euclidean division ). [2]
In additive number theory, Fermat 's theorem on sums of two squares states that an odd prime p can be expressed as: with x and y integers, if and only if. The prime numbers for which this is true are called Pythagorean primes . For example, the primes 5, 13, 17, 29, 37 and 41 are all congruent to 1 modulo 4, and they can be expressed as sums of ...
This 4-fold and 8-fold periodicity in the structure of manifolds is related to the 4-fold periodicity of L-theory and the 8-fold periodicity of real topological K-theory, which is known as Bott periodicity. If a compact oriented smooth spin manifold has dimension n ≡ 4 mod 8, or ν 2 (n) = 2 exactly, then its signature is an integer multiple ...
If q ≡ 1 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p) if and only if there exists some integer b such that p ≡ b 2 (mod q). If q ≡ 3 (mod 4) then q is a quadratic residue (mod p ) if and only if there exists some integer b which is odd and not divisible by q such that p ≡ ± b 2 (mod 4 q ).
Primitive root modulo. n. In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which gk ≡ a (mod n ).
Wilson's theorem. In algebra and number theory, Wilson's theorem states that a natural number n > 1 is a prime number if and only if the product of all the positive integers less than n is one less than a multiple of n. That is (using the notations of modular arithmetic ), the factorial satisfies. exactly when n is a prime number.
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ ( n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U ( n ...