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Mathematics, problem solving. Publication date. 1945. ISBN. 9780691164076. How to Solve It (1945) is a small volume by mathematician George Pólya, describing methods of problem solving. [1] This book has remained in print continually since 1945.
George Pólya (/ ˈpoʊljə /; Hungarian: Pólya György, pronounced [ˈpoːjɒ ˈɟørɟ]; December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985) was a Hungarian-American mathematician. He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University. He made fundamental contributions to combinatorics, number ...
The book was unique at the time because of its arrangement, less by topic and more by method of solution, so arranged in order to build up the student's problem-solving abilities. The preface of the book contains some remarks on general problem solving and mathematical heuristics which anticipate Pólya's later works on that subject ...
Polya begins Volume I with a discussion on induction, not mathematical induction, but as a way of guessing new results.He shows how the chance observations of a few results of the form 4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 3 + 7, etc., may prompt a sharp mind to formulate the conjecture that every even number greater than 4 can be represented as the sum of two odd prime numbers.
Pólya urn model. In statistics, a Pólya urn model (also known as a Pólya urn scheme or simply as Pólya's urn), named after George Pólya, is a family of urn models that can be used to interpret many commonly used statistical models. The model represents objects of interest (such as atoms, people, cars, etc.) as colored balls in an urn.
George Polya in his two volume book titled Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning [3] [4] presents plausible reasoning as a way of generating new mathematical conjectures. To Polya, “a mathematical proof is demonstrative reasoning but the inductive evidence of the physicist, the circumstantial evidence of the lawyer, the documentary evidence of ...
This is not true at the first step of induction, i.e., when + =. Two differently colored horses, providing a counterexample to the general theorem. Let the two horses be horse A and horse B. When horse A is removed, it is true that the remaining horses in the set are the same color (only horse B remains).
Pólya enumeration theorem. The Pólya enumeration theorem, also known as the Redfield–Pólya theorem and Pólya counting, is a theorem in combinatorics that both follows from and ultimately generalizes Burnside's lemma on the number of orbits of a group action on a set. The theorem was first published by J. Howard Redfield in 1927.