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Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. Recently, artificial neural networks have been able to surpass many previous approaches in performance.
Data-driven model. Data-driven models are a class of computational models that primarily rely on historical data collected throughout a system's or process' lifetime to establish relationships between input, internal, and output variables. Commonly found in numerous articles and publications, data-driven models have evolved from earlier ...
Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. [1] [2] [3] Statistical learning theory deals with the statistical inference problem of finding a predictive function based on data. Statistical learning theory has led to successful applications in fields such as ...
Empirical risk minimization is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms based on evaluating performance over a known and fixed dataset. The core idea is based on an application of the law of large numbers; more specifically, we cannot know exactly how well a predictive algorithm will work in ...
Online machine learning, from the work of Nick Littlestone [citation needed]. While its primary goal is to understand learning abstractly, computational learning theory has led to the development of practical algorithms. For example, PAC theory inspired boosting, VC theory led to support vector machines, and Bayesian inference led to belief ...
1950s. Pioneering machine learning research is conducted using simple algorithms. 1960s. Bayesian methods are introduced for probabilistic inference in machine learning. [1] 1970s. ' AI winter ' caused by pessimism about machine learning effectiveness. 1980s.
In computational learning theory, probably approximately correct ( PAC) learning is a framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning. It was proposed in 1984 by Leslie Valiant. [1] In this framework, the learner receives samples and must select a generalization function (called the hypothesis) from a certain class of possible functions.
A Bayesian network (also known as a Bayes network, Bayes net, belief network, or decision network) is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph (DAG). [1] While it is one of several forms of causal notation, causal networks are special cases of Bayesian ...