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Space (mathematics) In mathematics, a space is a set (sometimes known as a universe) with a definition ( structure) of relationships among the elements of the set. While modern mathematics uses many types of spaces, such as Euclidean spaces, linear spaces, topological spaces, Hilbert spaces, or probability spaces, it does not define the notion ...
In mathematics, a metric space is a set together with a notion of distance between its elements, usually called points. The distance is measured by a function called a metric or distance function. [1] Metric spaces are the most general setting for studying many of the concepts of mathematical analysis and geometry .
A topological space is the most general type of a mathematical space that allows for the definition of limits, continuity, and connectedness. [1] [2] Common types of topological spaces include Euclidean spaces, metric spaces and manifolds . Although very general, the concept of topological spaces is fundamental, and used in virtually every ...
Definition and illustration Motivating example: Euclidean vector space. One of the most familiar examples of a Hilbert space is the Euclidean vector space consisting of three-dimensional vectors, denoted by R 3, and equipped with the dot product. The dot product takes two vectors x and y, and produces a real number x ⋅ y.
A point in three-dimensional Euclidean space can be located by three coordinates. Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, in Euclid's Elements, it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, but in modern mathematics there are Euclidean spaces of any positive integer ...
Plane (mathematics) In mathematics, a plane is a two-dimensional space or flat surface that extends indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, so the Euclidean ...
The class of -norms generalizes these two examples and has an abundance of applications in many parts of mathematics, physics, and computer science. Definition [ edit ] For a real number p ≥ 1 , {\displaystyle p\geq 1,} the p {\displaystyle p} -norm or L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} -norm of x {\displaystyle x} is defined by
An example of a regular space that is not completely regular is the Tychonoff corkscrew. Most interesting spaces in mathematics that are regular also satisfy some stronger condition. Thus, regular spaces are usually studied to find properties and theorems, such as the ones below, that are actually applied to completely regular spaces, typically ...