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  2. Rijndael S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael_S-box

    Both the input and output are interpreted as polynomials over GF(2). First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in GF(2 8) = GF(2) [x]/(x 8 + x 4 + x 3 + x + 1), Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg. [2]

  3. Simultaneous Authentication of Equals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous...

    The WPA3 standard also replaces the pre-shared key (PSK) exchange with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals as defined in IEEE 802.11-2016 resulting in a more secure initial key exchange in personal mode. [7][8] The Wi-Fi Alliance also claims that WPA3 will mitigate security issues posed by weak passwords and simplify the process of setting up ...

  4. AES key schedule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_key_schedule

    AES key schedule for a 128-bit key. Define: N as the length of the key in 32-bit words: 4 words for AES-128, 6 words for AES-192, and 8 words for AES-256; K 0, K 1, ... K N-1 as the 32-bit words of the original key; R as the number of round keys needed: 11 round keys for AES-128, 13 keys for AES-192, and 15 keys for AES-256 [note 4] W 0, W 1, ...

  5. AES-GCM-SIV - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES-GCM-SIV

    AES-GCM-SIV is a mode of operation for the Advanced Encryption Standard which provides similar (but slightly worse [1]) performance to Galois/Counter Mode as well as misuse resistance in the event of the reuse of a cryptographic nonce. The construction is defined in RFC 8452.

  6. Jarmila Wolfe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmila_Wolfe

    Team competitions. Fed Cup. 6–10. Jarmila Wolfe[1][2] (née Gajdošová, formerly Groth; born 26 April 1987) is a Slovak-Australian former tennis player. In her career, she won two singles titles and one doubles title on the WTA Tour, as well as 14 singles and ten doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. She won her first WTA Tour title in ...

  7. Auger electron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy

    Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced [oʒe] in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science. It is a form of electron spectroscopy that relies on the Auger effect, based on the analysis of energetic electrons emitted from an excited atom after a ...

  8. Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard

    [1] For AES-128, the key can be recovered with a computational complexity of 2 126.1 using the biclique attack. For biclique attacks on AES-192 and AES-256, the computational complexities of 2 189.7 and 2 254.4 respectively apply. Related-key attacks can break AES-256 and AES-192 with complexities 2 99.5 and 2 176 in both time and data ...

  9. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    The absorption value for normal-incident light on graphene in vacuum would then be given by ⁠ πα / (1 + πα/2) 2 ⁠ or 2.24%, and the transmission by ⁠ 1 / (1 + πα/2) 2 ⁠ or 97.75% (experimentally observed to be between 97.6% and 97.8%). The reflection would then be given by ⁠ π 2 α 2 / 4 (1 + πα/2) 2 ⁠.