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2. Operating system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

   The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the computer hardware, so that an application program can interact with the hardware only by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system. The operating system is also a set of services which simplify development and execution of application programs.

3. List of operating systems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems

   Cambridge CAP computer – operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver, implemented in ALGOL 68C Flex machine – Custom microprogrammable hardware, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68 .

4. Shell (computing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)

   In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an operating system 's services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation. It is named a shell because it is the outermost ...

5. History of operating systems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems

   History of computing. more timelines ... Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the links needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run ...

6. List of Microsoft operating systems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft...

   This is a list of Microsoft written and published operating systems. For the codenames that Microsoft gave their operating systems , see Microsoft codenames . For another list of versions of Microsoft Windows, see, List of Microsoft Windows versions .

7. Timeline of operating systems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems

   1953. DYSEAC - an early machine capable of distributing computing. 1955. General Motors Operating System made for IBM 701 [2] MIT 's Tape Director operating system made for UNIVAC 1103 [3][4] 1956. GM-NAA I/O for IBM 704, based on General Motors Operating System.

8. Unix - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix

   The Unix operating system consists of many libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the file system and other common "low-level" tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same resource ...

9. System software - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software

   System software was usually supplied by the manufacturer of the computer hardware and was intended to be used by most or all users of that system. Many operating systems come pre-packaged with basic application software. Such software is not considered system software when it can be uninstalled without affecting the functioning of other ...