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Proto-writing and ideographic systems. Ideographic scripts (in which graphemes are ideograms representing concepts or ideas rather than a specific word in a language) and pictographic scripts (in which the graphemes are iconic pictures) are not thought to be able to express all that can be communicated by language, as argued by the linguists John DeFrancis and J. Marshall Unger.
International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests in the ...
The Cham script is a descendant of the Brahmi script of India. [3] Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from a script called the Pallava script some time around 200 CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hindu stone temples of the Champa civilization contain both Sanskrit and Chamic language ...
Cham (Cham: ꨌꩌ, Jawi: چام) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian family, spoken by the Chams of Southeast Asia.It is spoken primarily in the territory of the former Kingdom of Champa, which spanned modern Southern Vietnam, as well as in Cambodia by a significant population which descends from refugees that fled during the decline and fall of Champa.
Chasm City is a 2001 science fiction novel by British writer Alastair Reynolds, set in the Revelation Space universe. It deals with themes of identity , memory, and immortality, and many of its scenes are concerned primarily with describing the unusual societal and physical structure of the titular city, a major nexus of Reynolds's universe.
The Dong Yen Chau inscription, written in Old Cham, dates from the late 4th century AD [1] . Old Cham originated from Proto-Chamic languages, however under cultural influence from India, it was greatly influenced by Sanskrit. The names of Champa polities such as: Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara, Panduranga are Cham words of Sanskrit origin.
Etymology. Phan Rang – Tháp Chàm is the city with the longest name in Vietnam.The name Phan Rang or Panrang (Cham: ꨝꩊ ꨚꩃꨕꨣꩃ Bal Pangdarang) is an indigenous Chamized form of the original Sanskrit Pāṇḍuraṅga (another epithet for the Hindu god Vithoba), which first appeared on Cham inscriptions around the tenth century as Paṅrauṅ or Panrāṅ, and after that, it has ...
The Cham king Rudravarman III was defeated and captured and offered Champa's three northern provinces to Dai Viet (present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces). [6] : 62, 186 [7] In Champa at the time there were two ruling kings– Parameśvaravarman and Rudravarman III –in Nha Trang and Phan Rang , respectively.