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In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and ...
e. In analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral . The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integration", especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals.
Trigonometric integral. Plot of the hyperbolic sine integral function Shi (z) in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i with colors created with Mathematica 13.1 function ComplexPlot3D. Si ( x) (blue) and Ci ( x) (green) plotted on the same plot. Integral sine in the complex plane, plotted with a variant of domain coloring.
Calculus. In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Integral equation. For equations of integer unknowns, see Diophantine equation. In mathematics, integral equations are equations in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign. [1] In mathematical notation, integral equations may thus be expressed as being of the form: where is an integral operator acting on u. [1]
Gaussian integral. A graph of the function and the area between it and the -axis, (i.e. the entire real line) which is equal to . The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the integral is.
Elliptic Integrals are said to be 'complete' when the amplitude φ = π 2 and therefore x = 1. The complete elliptic integral of the first kind K may thus be defined as. or more compactly in terms of the incomplete integral of the first kind as. It can be expressed as a power series.
In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus ), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z) . Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a ...