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Link spectral efficiency. The link spectral efficiency of a digital communication system is measured in bit/s/Hz, or, less frequently but unambiguously, in (bit/s)/Hz.It is the net bit rate (useful information rate excluding error-correcting codes) or maximum throughput divided by the bandwidth in hertz of a communication channel or a data link.
The spectral density of a fluorescent light as a function of optical wavelength shows peaks at atomic transitions, indicated by the numbered arrows. The voice waveform over time (left) has a broad audio power spectrum (right). In signal processing, the power spectrum of a continuous time signal describes the distribution of power into frequency ...
Introduction. Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the spectra of electromagnetic radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by spectrographic equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. [4] Spectral measurement devices are referred to as ...
Raman spectroscopy. Energy-level diagram showing the states involved in Raman spectra. Raman spectroscopy ( / ˈrɑːmən /) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. [1]
The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and ...
This system was developed through the analysis of spectra on photographic plates, which could convert light emanated from stars into a readable spectrum. Mount Wilson classes. A luminosity classification known as the Mount Wilson system was used to distinguish between stars of different luminosities.
In the physical sciences, the term spectrum was introduced first into optics by Isaac Newton in the 17th century, referring to the range of colors observed when white light was dispersed through a prism. [1] [2] Soon the term referred to a plot of light intensity or power as a function of frequency or wavelength, also known as a spectral ...
Spectroelectrochemical cell: device in which the solution and the system of three electrodes is located, avoiding possible interference in the optical path. It is the link between the electrochemistry and the UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Devices to conduct the radiation beam: lenses, mirrors and/or optical fibers. The last ones conduct ...