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t. e. The Incoterms or International Commercial Terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) relating to international commercial law. [1] Incoterms define the responsibilities of exporters and importers in the arrangement of shipments and the transfer of liability involved at ...
Forward freight agreement. A forward freight agreement ( FFA) is a financial forward contract that allows ship owners, charterers and speculators to hedge against the volatility of freight rates. It gives the contract owner the right to buy and sell the price of freight for future dates. FFAs are built on an index composed of a shipping route ...
Shipping markets. The international shipping industry can be divided into four closely related shipping markets, each trading in a different commodity: the freight market, the sale and purchase market, the newbuilding market and the demolition market. These four markets are linked by cash flow and push the market traders in the direction they want.
The Baltic Exchange (incorporated as The Baltic Exchange Limited [1]) is a membership organisation for the maritime industry, and freight market information provider for the trading and settlement of physical and derivative contracts . Situated since Edwardian times at 24–28 St Mary Axe, London EC3, the building was destroyed by a bomb in 1992.
Return merchandise authorization. A return merchandise authorization ( RMA ), return authorization ( RA) or return goods authorization ( RGA) is a part of the process of returning a product to receive a refund, replacement, or repair to which buyer and seller agree during the product's warranty period. [1] [2]
Freight rate. A freight rate (historically and in ship chartering simply freight [1]) is a price at which a certain cargo is delivered from one point to another. The price depends on the form of the cargo, the mode of transport ( truck, ship, train, aircraft ), the weight of the cargo, and the distance to the delivery destination.
Admiralty law. A bill of lading ( / ˈleɪdɪŋ /) (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BOL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment. [1] Although the term is historically related only to carriage by sea, a bill of lading may today be used for any type of carriage of goods. [2]
ship-to-ship (STS) transfer operation is the transfer of cargo between seagoing ships positioned alongside each other, either while stationary or underway. Cargoes typically transferred via STS methods include crude oil, liquefied gas ( LPG or LNG ), bulk cargo, and petroleum products. The nomenclature STS transfer should be used in reference ...