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  2. Chemical oxygen demand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand

    In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand ( COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution which in SI units is milligrams per litre ( mg / L ). A COD test can be used to easily quantify the ...

  3. Numerical modeling (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_modeling_(geology)

    In geology, numerical modeling is a widely applied technique to tackle complex geological problems by computational simulation of geological scenarios. Numerical modeling uses mathematical models to describe the physical conditions of geological scenarios using numbers and equations. [2] Nevertheless, some of their equations are difficult to ...

  4. Mathematical model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model

    Mathematical models can take many forms, including dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. In general, mathematical models may include logical models.

  5. Numerical analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis

    Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics ). It is the study of numerical methods that attempt to find approximate solutions of problems rather than the exact ones.

  6. Discrete element method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Element_Method

    A discrete element method ( DEM ), also called a distinct element method, is any of a family of numerical methods for computing the motion and effect of a large number of small particles. Though DEM is very closely related to molecular dynamics, the method is generally distinguished by its inclusion of rotational degrees-of-freedom as well as ...

  7. Earth systems model of intermediate complexity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_systems_model_of...

    Earth systems models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) form an important class of climate models, primarily used to investigate the earth's systems on long timescales or at reduced computational cost. This is mostly achieved through operation at lower temporal and spatial resolution than more comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs).

  8. Numerical weather prediction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction

    As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called initialization.

  9. Crank–Nicolson method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank–Nicolson_method

    List. v. t. e. In numerical analysis, the Crank–Nicolson method is a finite difference method used for numerically solving the heat equation and similar partial differential equations. [1] It is a second-order method in time. It is implicit in time, can be written as an implicit Runge–Kutta method, and it is numerically stable.