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Word problem (mathematics) In computational mathematics, a word problem is the problem of deciding whether two given expressions are equivalent with respect to a set of rewriting identities. A prototypical example is the word problem for groups, but there are many other instances as well.
History Initial developments. Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions. The physical symbol system hypothesis ( PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert ...
Word problem for groups. In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as combinatorial group theory, the word problem for a finitely generated group is the algorithmic problem of deciding whether two words in the generators represent the same element. The word problem is a well-known example of an undecidable problem .
General Problem Solver. General Problem Solver ( GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell ( RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis.
The AI boom, [1] [2] or AI spring, [3] [4] is an ongoing period of rapid progress in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Prominent examples include protein folding prediction led by Google DeepMind and generative AI led by OpenAI .
Algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( / ˈælɡərɪðəm / ⓘ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. [1] Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing.
Solutions of the Einstein field equations. Solutions of the Einstein field equations are metrics of spacetimes that result from solving the Einstein field equations (EFE) of general relativity. Solving the field equations gives a Lorentz manifold. Solutions are broadly classed as exact or non-exact .