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  2. Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O_and_port...

    Memory-mapped I/O ( MMIO) and port-mapped I/O ( PMIO) are two complementary methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the central processing unit (CPU) and peripheral devices in a computer (often mediating access via chipset ). An alternative approach is using dedicated I/O processors, commonly known as channels on mainframe computers ...

  3. Compute Express Link - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compute_Express_Link

    Devices can coherently access host CPU's memory and/or provide coherent or non-coherent access to device local memory from the host CPU. Type 3 (CXL.io and CXL.mem) – memory expansion boards and persistent memory. Devices provide host CPU with low-latency access to local DRAM or byte-addressible non-volatile storage.

  4. Northbridge (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)

    Northbridge (computing) In computing, a northbridge (also host bridge, or memory controller hub) is a microchip that comprises the core logic chipset architecture on motherboards to handle high-performance tasks, especially for older personal computers. It is connected directly to a CPU via the front-side bus (FSB), and is usually used in ...

  5. User space and kernel space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space

    A modern computer operating system usually uses virtual memory to provide separate address spaces called user space and kernel space. [a] Primarily, this separation serves to provide memory protection and hardware protection from malicious or errant software behaviour. Kernel space is strictly reserved for running a privileged operating system ...

  6. Bus (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)

    Bus (computing) In computer architecture, a bus [1] (historically also called data highway [2] or databus) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocols.

  7. Shared memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_memory

    Shared memory. In computer science, shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between programs. Depending on context, programs may run on a single processor or on multiple ...

  8. Ford Sync - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sync

    Ford Sync (stylized Ford SYNC) is a factory-installed, integrated in-vehicle communications and entertainment system that allows users to make hands-free telephone calls, control music and perform other functions with the use of voice commands. [1] [2] The system consists of applications and user interfaces developed by Ford and other third ...

  9. Memory management unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit

    A memory management unit ( MMU ), sometimes called paged memory management unit ( PMMU ), [1] is a computer hardware unit that examines all memory references on the memory bus, translating these requests, known as virtual memory addresses, into physical addresses in main memory . In modern systems, programs generally have addresses that access ...