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Pointwise mutual information. In statistics, probability theory and information theory, pointwise mutual information ( PMI ), [1] or point mutual information, is a measure of association. It compares the probability of two events occurring together to what this probability would be if the events were independent. [2]
Definition. One radian is defined as the angle subtended from the center of a circle which intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. More generally, the magnitude in radians of a subtended angle is equal to the ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, =, where θ is the subtended angle in radians, s is arc length, and r is radius.
Binary angular measurement. Binary angular measurement ( BAM) [1] (and the binary angular measurement system, BAMS [2]) is a measure of angles using binary numbers and fixed-point arithmetic, in which a half turn is represented by the value 1. The unit of angular measure used in those methods may be called binary radian ( brad) or binary degree .
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...
The steradian (symbol: sr) or square radian [1] [2] is the unit of solid angle in the International System of Units (SI). It is used in three dimensional geometry, and is analogous to the radian, which quantifies planar angles. Whereas an angle in radians, projected onto a circle, gives a length of a circular arc on the circumference, a solid ...
(See below for the formula.) Subdivisions of a turn include half-turns and quarter-turns, spanning a semicircle and a right angle, respectively; metric prefixes can also be used as in, e.g., centiturns (ctr), milliturns (mtr), etc. Another common unit for representing angles is radians, which are usually stated in terms of .
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