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Learn about the history and types of Chinese dictionaries, from the oldest extant Buddhist dictionary to the influential Kangxi Dictionary. Find out how Chinese characters are ordered by semantic categories, graphic components, and pronunciations.
A Chinese classifier is a word that modifies the meaning of a noun and indicates its category or quantity. This web page provides a comprehensive list of Chinese classifiers in traditional and simplified characters, pinyin, Cantonese, and Minnan, with their pronunciations and meanings.
Learn about the basic features and characteristics of Chinese grammar, such as word order, word formation, reduplication, and classifiers. Compare and contrast Chinese grammar with other languages, and explore its history and varieties.
Wiktionary is a collaborative online dictionary of terms in all natural and some artificial languages, with definitions, translations, etymologies, and more. The English Wiktionary is the largest and most comprehensive, with over 7.5 million entries, while the French and Malagasy Wiktionaries are also very large.
Loanwords have entered written and spoken Chinese from many sources, including ancient peoples whose descendants now speak Chinese. In addition to phonetic differences, varieties of Chinese such as Cantonese and Shanghainese often have distinct words and phrases left from their original languages which they continue to use in daily life and sometimes even in Mandarin.
Learn about the official list of 8,105 Chinese characters published by the Chinese government in 2013, with Unicode, Pinyin, and traditional variants. See the non-BMP characters and the table of correspondences between simplified and traditional forms.
Middle Chinese is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun rime dictionary and other sources from the 4th to 12th centuries CE. It is used as a framework for Chinese dialectology and the study of Classical Chinese poetry.
In Old Chinese, the phonetic has the reconstructed pronunciation *lo, while the phono-semantic compounds listed above have been reconstructed as *lo *l̥o and *l̥ˤo respectively. [39] Nonetheless, all characters containing 俞 are pronounced in Standard Chinese as various tonal variants of yu, shu, tou, and the closely related you and zhu.